19 results
Australian local governments and affordable housing: Challenges and possibilities
- Alan Morris, Andrew Beer, John Martin, Sandy Horne, Catherine Davis, Trevor Budge, Chris Paris
-
- Journal:
- The Economic and Labour Relations Review / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / March 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2023, pp. 14-33
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
For an increasing proportion of Australian households, the Australian dream of home ownership is no longer an option. Neoliberal housing policy and the financialisation of housing has resulted in a housing affordability crisis. Historically, Australian housing policy has afforded only a limited role to local government. This article analyses the results of a nation-wide survey of Australian local governments’ perceptions of housing affordability in their local government area, the possibilities for their meaningful intervention, the challenges they face, the role of councillors and councils’ perceptions of what levels of government should take responsibility for housing. Almost all of the respondents from Sydney and Melbourne councils were clear that there is a housing affordability crisis in their local government area. We apply a framework analysing housing policy in the context of neoliberalism and the related financialisation of housing in order to analyse the housing affordability crisis in Sydney and Melbourne. We conclude that in order to begin resolving the housing crisis in Australia’s two largest cities there has to be an increasing role for local government, a substantial increase in the building of social and affordable housing and a rollback of policies that encourage residential property speculation.
Acknowledgements
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp vii-vii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
four - The housing transitions of younger adults
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 61-74
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
The transition from the parental home to independent living is one of the most significant changes to occur in the housing circumstances of any individual. For some, the first living arrangements away from the family are a staging point toward further change, while others move directly from the parental household to housing that will be prominent over much of their lives. There is evidence that the housing decisions and circumstances of younger households are changing: as more young adults stay in the parental home for longer, access to home purchase is delayed, and relationship formation is postponed – especially when compared with the generation of their parents or grandparents. This chapter canvases contemporary trends in first housing transitions and places these movements within the context of a generation that is increasingly mobile with respect to social values, labour market attachment and the locations in which they live.
Moving out, moving on
Leaving the parental home is one of the reference points in young people's lives to mark the transition to adulthood. A growing literature has examined a number of factors associated with leaving home including the timing of the event, its determinants, its variation across time and space, and the demands such transitions place on the housing system. Over the last two to three decades this research has highlighted major shifts in when this transition takes place and the sequence of housing opportunities pursued by young people. A key outcome has been the recognition that the steps toward independent living are no longer predictable and linear. Moreover, instead of being viewed as a one-off event, moving out of home has become a process of gradual transition. Since at least the 1980s commentators have noted an increasing proportion of young people returning to the family home for an extended period, particularly within a year or two of leaving. This shuttling from and to the parental home effectively prolongs the transition to adulthood. This delay in moving out and moving on, a ‘hiatus in the life-course’ as described by Cote and Bynner (2008) has resulted in the 18–25 age period being described by the much debated term ‘emerging adulthood’.
nine - Conclusion: negotiating the housing market over the next decades
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 155-168
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Housing remains central to life in the 21st century: it is a major determinant of well-being, it provides a mechanism for wealth accumulation, it offers an avenue for self-expression, it is a carrier of social status and it carries significant costs for both individuals and society. It can also serve to reinforce inequality in society and either catapult individuals into adversity or further reinforce the marginal position of disadvantaged groups. Throughout Housing Transitions we have argued that the relationship between households and their housing has changed over the last four decades and that an ongoing recasting of this relationship is to be expected. This chapter re-examines the assumptions that led to the major research project that underpins this book and draws out the key lessons we have uncovered on the dynamics between housing and the life course in the 21st century. It also casts light on how housing markets and systems of housing supply are likely to evolve over the coming decades and what this will mean for populations.
From housing careers to housing transitions
As noted in the Preface, the research that led to this monograph arose out of discussions between policy makers and an Australian research institution on the issues of housing careers and how such housing careers may change in the 21st century. Policy makers were concerned to understand how housing careers may be transformed and what that may mean for the provision of government assistance into the future. In particular, government bodies in Australia were concerned about three questions of policy relevance. First, over the coming decades what will be the impact of the ageing of the ‘baby boom’ cohort in terms of housing and the demand for housing assistance? Second, is the apparent decline in entry into homeownership among 25- to 34- year-olds robust, and what are the implications for the demand for housing assistance in the long term? Third, what forms of government housing assistance will be necessary and appropriate in the 21st century given changes in household structure, labour markets and philosophical shifts in attitudes to government intervention? All three were pertinent questions and were subsequently answered through the research programme (Beer and Faulkner, 2009).
Policy-focused analysis of this nature and extent inevitably throws up more fundamental questions of a conceptual nature.
six - Housing transitions in later life
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 93-112
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Stereotypically, old age has been viewed as a time of reduced income, incapacity, frailty and dependency. This perspective has directed the development of policies and planning for an older population and resulted in a focus on the provision of retirement incomes and the delivery of care. Often, little attention has been directed to other aspects of life, such as the suitability of housing and the functioning of the communities in which older people live. This common image of old age is at odds with contemporary trends, as the citizens of advanced economies live longer than ever before, enjoy a better quality of health, are wealthier, more active and more aspirational than previous generations of older people. These trends will only accelerate over the next two to three decades. Older age in the 21st century will be very different from older age in the 20th century and there is consequently a pressing imperative to move away from a view of old age as a period of frailty and dependency and instead focus on understanding the needs and wants of older individuals. For many in older age, housing decisions are likely to be governed by consumption factors and choices rather than ill-health, disability and social isolation. Overall, the housing market positions and transitions of those in later life are changing, and this transformation is increasingly important for the whole of society as the housing demanded by the older population will drive housing markets, housing policy and welfare support measures.
Conventional and emerging housing transitions for older households
For much of the 20th century older people who had left the workforce were either seen as not having a housing career or were considered to be at the end of their engagement with the housing market, with only retrograde movement in prospect. The circumstances of the time-limited lifespan after retirement, few resources and therefore modest aspirations, generally meant housing in older age was a matter of staying put and effectively ageing in the family home. Housing and care of older people was the domain of the family and those with no or limited resources had to rely on charitable organisations and state institutions where the quality of accommodation and care was of variable quality (McNelis and Herbert, 2003).
three - Housing transitions and housing policy: international context and policy transfer
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 39-60
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
In the late 1980s and early 1990s the American philosopher and political economist Francis Fukuyama triggered considerable debate with his argument that with the advent of Western liberal democracy humanity had reached the ‘end of history’ as further sociocultural evolution appeared unlikely. Fukuyama's (1992) work has been critiqued heavily, but his ideas highlight the ways in which policies and social practices appear to have converged across nations. Similarly, there are strong international parallels in many aspects of housing policy and the operation of housing markets. The globalisation of financial markets has contributed to the apparent integration of housing markets around the globe, but other contributing factors have included broader shifts in global economic prosperity – at least for the developed world – and deliberate strategies of policy transfer across international borders. It is important to acknowledge that cross-national research plays a valuable role within the social sciences and can lead to robust, transferable conclusions that can be applied in a variety of contexts, and not just those discussed in any one work or research study (Przeworksi and Teune 1970). In many respects the countries discussed in this chapter constitute a ‘most similar systems’ approach where attention is focused on the differences between otherwise very similar systems. There are strong convergences among the nations discussed here, as each is predominantly English speaking and occupies a ‘liberal’ position within Epsing-Anderson's (1990) categorisation of welfare regimes.
This chapter sets out to consider the evolution of housing policy in three nations: the UK, the US and Australia. It does so in order to understand the geographical and historical settings for lifetime movements through the housing market. These insights then shed light on the transferability of the understandings we develop between nations and the balance between universal and nationally specific processes in shaping housing transitions. It is important to acknowledge that we need to comprehend the evolution and articulation of housing policies over a relatively long time frame, as past housing policies often have a greater influence on lifetime housing than current government frameworks.
The UK
Housing provision in the UK changed enormously during the 20th century in terms of quality, the balance of tenures and dwelling types (Lund, 2006; Mullins and Murie, 2006). There was never a settled structure of provision, with regular predictable patterns of access to housing and a single set of routine transitions during life courses.
two - Housing over the life course: housing histories, careers, pathways and transitions
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 15-38
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Change in the way individuals and households live in, use and consume housing over the course of their lives has been, and remains, a dynamic field of housing research. While Kemeny (1992) and others (Clapham, 2005a; O’Neil, 2008) have decried the failure of housing studies to engage with contemporary sociological theory, researchers from across the globe have quietly amassed a significant body of work that sheds light on the changing relationship between households and the dwellings in which they live over their life course (see, for example, Abramson, 2008; Gram-Hanssen and Bech-Danielsen, 2008; Mandic, 2008). This chapter sets out to review this body of published work and begins with a discussion of the role of risk within contemporary society before moving on to examine debates around housing careers, housing histories, housing biographies and housing pathways. The chapter concludes that there is a need to recast our thinking around this issue and that in the 21st century it is now more appropriate to consider the way individuals move through the housing stock as a set of transitions that embraces both permanent and temporary relocation and the simultaneous occupancy of multiple dwellings. There is also a need to consider the adverse, as well as the positive, outcomes that result from participation in the housing market, explicitly recognising that for many individuals their experience of housing over their life course is not an upward ‘ladder’ of increasing opportunity and consumption.
Risk, the life course and housing
Over the last decade or so a number of sociologists such as Beck (1992; 2000) and Giddens (1999) have written extensively on the concept of a ‘risk society’. They argue that change within economic and social structures has eroded the certainties of the previous ‘Fordist’ or industrial society and resulted in a process of ‘individualisation’ where individuals and households are increasingly confronted by the risks – and opportunities – of a rapidly changing social and economic environment. Giddens (1999) argues that social organisation increasingly avoids risk and seeks forms that are responsive to risk. It is argued that in the past governments and institutions mitigated the level of risk within society through a comprehensive welfare state, strongly developed social institutions (such as family and marriage), and widespread wage employment.
Index
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 193-198
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Notes about the authors
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp vi-vi
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
five - Housing in mid life: consolidation, opportunity and risk
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 75-92
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
In the traditional representation of a housing career a discussion of mid-life housing transitions would almost seem unwarranted. Mid life has conventionally been seen as a period of consolidation and stability in the housing of individuals and households. In the past, at this stage of life, traditional patterns of behaviour, stable employment careers, and the demands of childrearing contributed to limited movements within the housing market. The middle years of life have been associated with the gradual transition from home purchase to outright ownership, accompanied by some limited upward movement through the housing market to better accommodate the needs of the family. Mid life in this representation of the relationship between housing and the life course is seen as the culmination of a household's housing aspirations and needs, where many households maximise their consumption of housing.
There is relatively little known about the housing position of persons in the middle years of their life, as the apparent stability of these households has not made them an attractive subject for research. Over the last few decades, however, the life course has become much more complex, differentiated and de-standardised as a result of economic growth, affluence, more mobile labour markets and in some households, growing instability. These changes have eroded traditional conceptions of stability in housing in mid life and while some households go through a period of quiescence relative to the housing market, a growing minority do not. Events and changes in the family life course have substantially reshaped mid-life housing transitions, resulting in widening differentials in the housing trajectories. Some households have taken advantage of their opportunities to accrue considerable wealth while others have experienced a less favourable life course that has interrupted, or significantly altered, their housing aspirations.
Family and the consumption of housing
Marriage and the birth of children have conventionally been seen as pivotal markers of the move from rental accommodation to home purchase (Neutze and Kendig, 1991). While societal change has meant that marriage per se and the arrival of the first child are not as universally important in the 21st century as previously, relationship formation and the birth of children remain critical to shaping transitions.
Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Aspirations, Needs and Policy
- Andrew Beer, Debbie Faulkner, Chris Paris, Terry Clower
-
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011
-
Lifetime attitudes to housing have changed, with new population dynamics driving the market and a greater emphasis on consumption. This important contribution to the literature argues that how we think about households and their housing needs to be recast to acknowledge this changed environment and provide a more powerful conceptual framework.
List of figures and tables
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp iv-v
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
seven - Housing and disability: a 21st-century phenomenon
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 113-134
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Conventional accounts of housing careers and even housing pathways present, in some ways, a monochromatic view of households and the housing they occupy. The concept of a housing career holds cogency for young, middle-class household members of Anglo-Celtic backgrounds born in the 1950s, but sheds little light on the more complex realities of households in the 21st century. One of the areas where this gap is most acute is in our understanding of the relationship between disability, households and housing. In most developed economies over the last 30 years there has been a profound move away from institutional housing for persons with a disability to accommodation within the broader community. In some instances this accommodation has been appropriately funded, but in many cases it has not. The relationship between disability and housing is not a niche issue: in Australia 22 per cent of households have one or more household members affected by a disability (Beer and Faulkner, 2009), and similar rates of prevalence are evident in comparable nations. The AIHW (2003, 2007) estimates that some 6 per cent of the Australian population is affected by a profound disability – defined as ‘a severe or profound core activity limitation’ where the individual requires assistance with meeting his/her daily needs. Under current population estimates, this equates to 1.3 million persons, and if similar rates of prevalence apply in the US and the UK, 21.6 million persons and 3.6 million persons respectively are affected.
The impact of disability on the housing sector in the 21st century is not simply a matter of scale; the care and other needs of persons with a disability are profoundly reshaping the relationship between households and their housing. In the latter part of the 20th century ‘home’ was an important place for caring for children. In the 21st century ‘home’ will be increasingly important for the provision of care for adults. The Housing 21 Survey found that 13 per cent of households provided care for a person living within their home and 9 per cent provided care for a person living in another household. Critically, disability does not simply reshape the housing of the affected individual; instead it recasts the housing opportunities, movements and costs of all members of the household and often the outcomes of family members or care providers living elsewhere.
Frontmatter
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp i-ii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contents
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp iii-iii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
one - Housing markets and policy in the 21st century
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 1-14
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Housing through the life course: questions, challenges and opportunities
Housing remains one of the fundamental pillars of both life and lifestyle for us as individuals. Housing is also important within our economies and societies as it is a source of employment within the building industry, an object of public policy attention and action, and a focus of concern for debates around fairness or inclusion within society. This book considers the role housing plays in the lives of individuals and households through their life course, and along the way it confronts issues about the part housing plays within society, economy and culture. Most writing on housing takes a cross-sectional view that considers the housing market or the system of social provision at a single point in time. This may be during a census or other period of data collection, or as a generalised set of conditions lacking a temporal reference. But this is not our lived experience of housing: at a personal level we know housing through our engagement with the housing system; as a child being raised by parents or carers; as a young person searching for our first accommodation; as an adult entering a relationship and seeking a home to share; and as a household decision maker seeking a dwelling that is convenient to employment, recreation and, potentially, schooling for children.
There is a substantial body of work on housing through the life course that spans more than four decades. Research in this vein has discussed housing histories (Farmer and Barrell 1981), housing careers (Kendig, 1990a), housing pathways (Clapham, 2002; 2004; 2005a), housing biographies (Clark et al, 2003) and more recently, housing transitions (Beer and Faulkner, 2009), but in all instances the objective focus of analysis and discussion has been on the series of housing circumstances occupied by an individual or household over their life course. Much of this work has focused on critical points of transition – such as moves into homeownership or the impact of the death of a partner – as well as the differing trajectories of groups from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. There is, for example, a considerable North American literature on pathways into homeownership for minority groups such as African and Hispanic Americans.
eight - Housing transitions, economic restructuring and the marginalised
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 135-154
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
In his path-breaking book Social Justice and the City the eminent geographer David Harvey (1973) observed that ‘the rich command space; the poor are trapped by it’. A similar observation applies to contemporary housing markets: those able to command resources have unprecedented levels of choice and opportunities for consumption, while the poor and marginalised within society are confronted by an increasingly regressive system of housing provision. The retreat from direct government intervention in housing supply is evident in many nations (already discussed in Chapter Three), and the move to ‘workfare’ models of welfare has coincided with a crisis of housing affordability in many nations that has squeezed the most vulnerable within society. The consequences for individuals and households have been devastating, with large-scale mortgage default and foreclosure in the US, a growing incidence of eviction in Australia, the persistence of inadequate and unhealthy housing in New Zealand, and ongoing social exclusion on large social housing estates in the UK.
For many at the bottom of the housing market or system of social housing supply there are no good choices available and they are confronted by an ongoing churn through the housing market as they shift from one precarious housing arrangement to the next. Whole groups within society are affected by these processes, and this chapter examines the housing transitions of the marginalised within contemporary developed economies. In particular, it considers those trapped within precarious housing before moving on to consider the housing fate of workers made redundant from the automotive sector. Finally, the chapter examines the housing transitions of immigrants in the UK, Ireland and Australia in order to shed light on the intersecting impacts of social policies, cultural factors, social mobility and the structure of housing markets.
Precarious housing and movement through the market
Precarious housing has received relatively little direct attention from housing researchers, although the individual components of precariousness have been examined in detail. In part, the issue of precariousness has been examined as a matter of security of tenure, and prior research on this topic has considered the legal entitlements and obligations associated with differing tenures across jurisdictions. Precariousness, however, is much larger than the simple presence or absence of a set of legal protections. Instead it reflects a history of movement through the housing market that is marked by frequent, involuntary relocation, often into housing that is insecure, of poor quality and/or unaffordable.
References
- Andrew Beer, University of Adelaide, Debbie Faulkner, University of Adelaide, Chris Paris, Ulster University, Terry Clower, George Mason University, Virginia
-
- Book:
- Housing Transitions through the Life Course
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 June 2011, pp 169-192
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation